/**
 * REST API: WP_REST_Attachments_Controller class
 *
 * @package WordPress
 * @subpackage REST_API
 * @since 4.7.0
 */

/**
 * Core controller used to access attachments via the REST API.
 *
 * @since 4.7.0
 *
 * @see WP_REST_Posts_Controller
 */
class WP_REST_Attachments_Controller extends WP_REST_Posts_Controller {

	/**
	 * Whether the controller supports batching.
	 *
	 * @since 5.9.0
	 * @var false
	 */
	protected $allow_batch = false;

	/**
	 * Registers the routes for attachments.
	 *
	 * @since 5.3.0
	 *
	 * @see register_rest_route()
	 */
	public function register_routes() {
		parent::register_routes();
		register_rest_route(
			$this->namespace,
			'/' . $this->rest_base . '/(?P<id>[\d]+)/post-process',
			array(
				'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::CREATABLE,
				'callback'            => array( $this, 'post_process_item' ),
				'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'post_process_item_permissions_check' ),
				'args'                => array(
					'id'     => array(
						'description' => __( 'Unique identifier for the attachment.' ),
						'type'        => 'integer',
					),
					'action' => array(
						'type'     => 'string',
						'enum'     => array( 'create-image-subsizes' ),
						'required' => true,
					),
				),
			)
		);
		register_rest_route(
			$this->namespace,
			'/' . $this->rest_base . '/(?P<id>[\d]+)/edit',
			array(
				'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::CREATABLE,
				'callback'            => array( $this, 'edit_media_item' ),
				'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'edit_media_item_permissions_check' ),
				'args'                => $this->get_edit_media_item_args(),
			)
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Determines the allowed query_vars for a get_items() response and
	 * prepares for WP_Query.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param array           $prepared_args Optional. Array of prepared arguments. Default empty array.
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request       Optional. Request to prepare items for.
	 * @return array Array of query arguments.
	 */
	protected function prepare_items_query( $prepared_args = array(), $request = null ) {
		$query_args = parent::prepare_items_query( $prepared_args, $request );

		if ( empty( $query_args['post_status'] ) ) {
			$query_args['post_status'] = 'inherit';
		}

		$media_types = $this->get_media_types();

		if ( ! empty( $request['media_type'] ) && isset( $media_types[ $request['media_type'] ] ) ) {
			$query_args['post_mime_type'] = $media_types[ $request['media_type'] ];
		}

		if ( ! empty( $request['mime_type'] ) ) {
			$parts = explode( '/', $request['mime_type'] );
			if ( isset( $media_types[ $parts[0] ] ) && in_array( $request['mime_type'], $media_types[ $parts[0] ], true ) ) {
				$query_args['post_mime_type'] = $request['mime_type'];
			}
		}

		// Filter query clauses to include filenames.
		if ( isset( $query_args['s'] ) ) {
			add_filter( 'wp_allow_query_attachment_by_filename', '__return_true' );
		}

		return $query_args;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a given request has access to create an attachment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error Boolean true if the attachment may be created, or a WP_Error if not.
	 */
	public function create_item_permissions_check( $request ) {
		$ret = parent::create_item_permissions_check( $request );

		if ( ! $ret || is_wp_error( $ret ) ) {
			return $ret;
		}

		if ( ! current_user_can( 'upload_files' ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_create',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to upload media on this site.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		// Attaching media to a post requires ability to edit said post.
		if ( ! empty( $request['post'] ) && ! current_user_can( 'edit_post', (int) $request['post'] ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_edit',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to upload media to this post.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Creates a single attachment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, WP_Error object on failure.
	 */
	public function create_item( $request ) {
		if ( ! empty( $request['post'] ) && in_array( get_post_type( $request['post'] ), array( 'revision', 'attachment' ), true ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_invalid_param',
				__( 'Invalid parent type.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		$insert = $this->insert_attachment( $request );

		if ( is_wp_error( $insert ) ) {
			return $insert;
		}

		$schema = $this->get_item_schema();

		// Extract by name.
		$attachment_id = $insert['attachment_id'];
		$file          = $insert['file'];

		if ( isset( $request['alt_text'] ) ) {
			update_post_meta( $attachment_id, '_wp_attachment_image_alt', sanitize_text_field( $request['alt_text'] ) );
		}

		if ( ! empty( $schema['properties']['featured_media'] ) && isset( $request['featured_media'] ) ) {
			$thumbnail_update = $this->handle_featured_media( $request['featured_media'], $attachment_id );

			if ( is_wp_error( $thumbnail_update ) ) {
				return $thumbnail_update;
			}
		}

		if ( ! empty( $schema['properties']['meta'] ) && isset( $request['meta'] ) ) {
			$meta_update = $this->meta->update_value( $request['meta'], $attachment_id );

			if ( is_wp_error( $meta_update ) ) {
				return $meta_update;
			}
		}

		$attachment    = get_post( $attachment_id );
		$fields_update = $this->update_additional_fields_for_object( $attachment, $request );

		if ( is_wp_error( $fields_update ) ) {
			return $fields_update;
		}

		$terms_update = $this->handle_terms( $attachment_id, $request );

		if ( is_wp_error( $terms_update ) ) {
			return $terms_update;
		}

		$request->set_param( 'context', 'edit' );

		/**
		 * Fires after a single attachment is completely created or updated via the REST API.
		 *
		 * @since 5.0.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_Post         $attachment Inserted or updated attachment object.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request $request    Request object.
		 * @param bool            $creating   True when creating an attachment, false when updating.
		 */
		do_action( 'rest_after_insert_attachment', $attachment, $request, true );

		wp_after_insert_post( $attachment, false, null );

		if ( wp_is_serving_rest_request() ) {
			/*
			 * Set a custom header with the attachment_id.
			 * Used by the browser/client to resume creating image sub-sizes after a PHP fatal error.
			 */
			header( 'X-WP-Upload-Attachment-ID: ' . $attachment_id );
		}

		// Include media and image functions to get access to wp_generate_attachment_metadata().
		require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/media.php';
		require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/image.php';

		/*
		 * Post-process the upload (create image sub-sizes, make PDF thumbnails, etc.) and insert attachment meta.
		 * At this point the server may run out of resources and post-processing of uploaded images may fail.
		 */
		wp_update_attachment_metadata( $attachment_id, wp_generate_attachment_metadata( $attachment_id, $file ) );

		$response = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $attachment, $request );
		$response = rest_ensure_response( $response );
		$response->set_status( 201 );
		$response->header( 'Location', rest_url( sprintf( '%s/%s/%d', $this->namespace, $this->rest_base, $attachment_id ) ) );

		return $response;
	}

	/**
	 * Inserts the attachment post in the database. Does not update the attachment meta.
	 *
	 * @since 5.3.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request
	 * @return array|WP_Error
	 */
	protected function insert_attachment( $request ) {
		// Get the file via $_FILES or raw data.
		$files   = $request->get_file_params();
		$headers = $request->get_headers();

		$time = null;

		// Matches logic in media_handle_upload().
		if ( ! empty( $request['post'] ) ) {
			$post = get_post( $request['post'] );
			// The post date doesn't usually matter for pages, so don't backdate this upload.
			if ( $post && 'page' !== $post->post_type && substr( $post->post_date, 0, 4 ) > 0 ) {
				$time = $post->post_date;
			}
		}

		if ( ! empty( $files ) ) {
			$file = $this->upload_from_file( $files, $headers, $time );
		} else {
			$file = $this->upload_from_data( $request->get_body(), $headers, $time );
		}

		if ( is_wp_error( $file ) ) {
			return $file;
		}

		$name       = wp_basename( $file['file'] );
		$name_parts = pathinfo( $name );
		$name       = trim( substr( $name, 0, -( 1 + strlen( $name_parts['extension'] ) ) ) );

		$url  = $file['url'];
		$type = $file['type'];
		$file = $file['file'];

		// Include image functions to get access to wp_read_image_metadata().
		require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/image.php';

		// Use image exif/iptc data for title and caption defaults if possible.
		$image_meta = wp_read_image_metadata( $file );

		if ( ! empty( $image_meta ) ) {
			if ( empty( $request['title'] ) && trim( $image_meta['title'] ) && ! is_numeric( sanitize_title( $image_meta['title'] ) ) ) {
				$request['title'] = $image_meta['title'];
			}

			if ( empty( $request['caption'] ) && trim( $image_meta['caption'] ) ) {
				$request['caption'] = $image_meta['caption'];
			}
		}

		$attachment = $this->prepare_item_for_database( $request );

		$attachment->post_mime_type = $type;
		$attachment->guid           = $url;

		// If the title was not set, use the original filename.
		if ( empty( $attachment->post_title ) && ! empty( $files['file']['name'] ) ) {
			// Remove the file extension (after the last `.`)
			$tmp_title = substr( $files['file']['name'], 0, strrpos( $files['file']['name'], '.' ) );

			if ( ! empty( $tmp_title ) ) {
				$attachment->post_title = $tmp_title;
			}
		}

		// Fall back to the original approach.
		if ( empty( $attachment->post_title ) ) {
			$attachment->post_title = preg_replace( '/\.[^.]+$/', '', wp_basename( $file ) );
		}

		// $post_parent is inherited from $attachment['post_parent'].
		$id = wp_insert_attachment( wp_slash( (array) $attachment ), $file, 0, true, false );

		if ( is_wp_error( $id ) ) {
			if ( 'db_update_error' === $id->get_error_code() ) {
				$id->add_data( array( 'status' => 500 ) );
			} else {
				$id->add_data( array( 'status' => 400 ) );
			}

			return $id;
		}

		$attachment = get_post( $id );

		/**
		 * Fires after a single attachment is created or updated via the REST API.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_Post         $attachment Inserted or updated attachment
		 *                                    object.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request $request    The request sent to the API.
		 * @param bool            $creating   True when creating an attachment, false when updating.
		 */
		do_action( 'rest_insert_attachment', $attachment, $request, true );

		return array(
			'attachment_id' => $id,
			'file'          => $file,
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Determines the featured media based on a request param.
	 *
	 * @since 6.5.0
	 *
	 * @param int $featured_media Featured Media ID.
	 * @param int $post_id        Post ID.
	 * @return bool|WP_Error Whether the post thumbnail was successfully deleted, otherwise WP_Error.
	 */
	protected function handle_featured_media( $featured_media, $post_id ) {
		$post_type         = get_post_type( $post_id );
		$thumbnail_support = current_theme_supports( 'post-thumbnails', $post_type ) && post_type_supports( $post_type, 'thumbnail' );

		// Similar check as in wp_insert_post().
		if ( ! $thumbnail_support && get_post_mime_type( $post_id ) ) {
			if ( wp_attachment_is( 'audio', $post_id ) ) {
				$thumbnail_support = post_type_supports( 'attachment:audio', 'thumbnail' ) || current_theme_supports( 'post-thumbnails', 'attachment:audio' );
			} elseif ( wp_attachment_is( 'video', $post_id ) ) {
				$thumbnail_support = post_type_supports( 'attachment:video', 'thumbnail' ) || current_theme_supports( 'post-thumbnails', 'attachment:video' );
			}
		}

		if ( $thumbnail_support ) {
			return parent::handle_featured_media( $featured_media, $post_id );
		}

		return new WP_Error(
			'rest_no_featured_media',
			sprintf(
				/* translators: %s: attachment mime type */
				__( 'This site does not support post thumbnails on attachments with MIME type %s.' ),
				get_post_mime_type( $post_id )
			),
			array( 'status' => 400 )
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Updates a single attachment.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, WP_Error object on failure.
	 */
	public function update_item( $request ) {
		if ( ! empty( $request['post'] ) && in_array( get_post_type( $request['post'] ), array( 'revision', 'attachment' ), true ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_invalid_param',
				__( 'Invalid parent type.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		$attachment_before = get_post( $request['id'] );
		$response          = parent::update_item( $request );

		if ( is_wp_error( $response ) ) {
			return $response;
		}

		$response = rest_ensure_response( $response );
		$data     = $response->get_data();

		if ( isset( $request['alt_text'] ) ) {
			update_post_meta( $data['id'], '_wp_attachment_image_alt', $request['alt_text'] );
		}

		$attachment = get_post( $request['id'] );

		if ( ! empty( $schema['properties']['featured_media'] ) && isset( $request['featured_media'] ) ) {
			$thumbnail_update = $this->handle_featured_media( $request['featured_media'], $attachment->ID );

			if ( is_wp_error( $thumbnail_update ) ) {
				return $thumbnail_update;
			}
		}

		$fields_update = $this->update_additional_fields_for_object( $attachment, $request );

		if ( is_wp_error( $fields_update ) ) {
			return $fields_update;
		}

		$request->set_param( 'context', 'edit' );

		/** This action is documented in wp-includes/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-attachments-controller.php */
		do_action( 'rest_after_insert_attachment', $attachment, $request, false );

		wp_after_insert_post( $attachment, true, $attachment_before );

		$response = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $attachment, $request );
		$response = rest_ensure_response( $response );

		return $response;
	}

	/**
	 * Performs post processing on an attachment.
	 *
	 * @since 5.3.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, WP_Error object on failure.
	 */
	public function post_process_item( $request ) {
		switch ( $request['action'] ) {
			case 'create-image-subsizes':
				require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/image.php';
				wp_update_image_subsizes( $request['id'] );
				break;
		}

		$request['context'] = 'edit';

		return $this->prepare_item_for_response( get_post( $request['id'] ), $request );
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a given request can perform post processing on an attachment.
	 *
	 * @since 5.3.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has access to update the item, WP_Error object otherwise.
	 */
	public function post_process_item_permissions_check( $request ) {
		return $this->update_item_permissions_check( $request );
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a given request has access to editing media.
	 *
	 * @since 5.5.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has read access, WP_Error object otherwise.
	 */
	public function edit_media_item_permissions_check( $request ) {
		if ( ! current_user_can( 'upload_files' ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_edit_image',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to upload media on this site.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		return $this->update_item_permissions_check( $request );
	}

	/**
	 * Applies edits to a media item and creates a new attachment record.
	 *
	 * @since 5.5.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, WP_Error object on failure.
	 */
	public function edit_media_item( $request ) {
		require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/image.php';

		$attachment_id = $request['id'];

		// This also confirms the attachment is an image.
		$image_file = wp_get_original_image_path( $attachment_id );
		$image_meta = wp_get_attachment_metadata( $attachment_id );

		if (
			! $image_meta ||
			! $image_file ||
			! wp_image_file_matches_image_meta( $request['src'], $image_meta, $attachment_id )
		) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_unknown_attachment',
				__( 'Unable to get meta information for file.' ),
				array( 'status' => 404 )
			);
		}

		$supported_types = array( 'image/jpeg', 'image/png', 'image/gif', 'image/webp', 'image/avif' );
		$mime_type       = get_post_mime_type( $attachment_id );
		if ( ! in_array( $mime_type, $supported_types, true ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_edit_file_type',
				__( 'This type of file cannot be edited.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		// The `modifiers` param takes precedence over the older format.
		if ( isset( $request['modifiers'] ) ) {
			$modifiers = $request['modifiers'];
		} else {
			$modifiers = array();

			if ( ! empty( $request['rotation'] ) ) {
				$modifiers[] = array(
					'type' => 'rotate',
					'args' => array(
						'angle' => $request['rotation'],
					),
				);
			}

			if ( isset( $request['x'], $request['y'], $request['width'], $request['height'] ) ) {
				$modifiers[] = array(
					'type' => 'crop',
					'args' => array(
						'left'   => $request['x'],
						'top'    => $request['y'],
						'width'  => $request['width'],
						'height' => $request['height'],
					),
				);
			}

			if ( 0 === count( $modifiers ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_image_not_edited',
					__( 'The image was not edited. Edit the image before applying the changes.' ),
					array( 'status' => 400 )
				);
			}
		}

		/*
		 * If the file doesn't exist, attempt a URL fopen on the src link.
		 * This can occur with certain file replication plugins.
		 * Keep the original file path to get a modified name later.
		 */
		$image_file_to_edit = $image_file;
		if ( ! file_exists( $image_file_to_edit ) ) {
			$image_file_to_edit = _load_image_to_edit_path( $attachment_id );
		}

		$image_editor = wp_get_image_editor( $image_file_to_edit );

		if ( is_wp_error( $image_editor ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_unknown_image_file_type',
				__( 'Unable to edit this image.' ),
				array( 'status' => 500 )
			);
		}

		foreach ( $modifiers as $modifier ) {
			$args = $modifier['args'];
			switch ( $modifier['type'] ) {
				case 'rotate':
					// Rotation direction: clockwise vs. counter clockwise.
					$rotate = 0 - $args['angle'];

					if ( 0 !== $rotate ) {
						$result = $image_editor->rotate( $rotate );

						if ( is_wp_error( $result ) ) {
							return new WP_Error(
								'rest_image_rotation_failed',
								__( 'Unable to rotate this image.' ),
								array( 'status' => 500 )
							);
						}
					}

					break;

				case 'crop':
					$size = $image_editor->get_size();

					$crop_x = (int) round( ( $size['width'] * $args['left'] ) / 100.0 );
					$crop_y = (int) round( ( $size['height'] * $args['top'] ) / 100.0 );
					$width  = (int) round( ( $size['width'] * $args['width'] ) / 100.0 );
					$height = (int) round( ( $size['height'] * $args['height'] ) / 100.0 );

					if ( $size['width'] !== $width || $size['height'] !== $height ) {
						$result = $image_editor->crop( $crop_x, $crop_y, $width, $height );

						if ( is_wp_error( $result ) ) {
							return new WP_Error(
								'rest_image_crop_failed',
								__( 'Unable to crop this image.' ),
								array( 'status' => 500 )
							);
						}
					}

					break;

			}
		}

		// Calculate the file name.
		$image_ext  = pathinfo( $image_file, PATHINFO_EXTENSION );
		$image_name = wp_basename( $image_file, ".{$image_ext}" );

		/*
		 * Do not append multiple `-edited` to the file name.
		 * The user may be editing a previously edited image.
		 */
		if ( preg_match( '/-edited(-\d+)?$/', $image_name ) ) {
			// Remove any `-1`, `-2`, etc. `wp_unique_filename()` will add the proper number.
			$image_name = preg_replace( '/-edited(-\d+)?$/', '-edited', $image_name );
		} else {
			// Append `-edited` before the extension.
			$image_name .= '-edited';
		}

		$filename = "{$image_name}.{$image_ext}";

		// Create the uploads sub-directory if needed.
		$uploads = wp_upload_dir();

		// Make the file name unique in the (new) upload directory.
		$filename = wp_unique_filename( $uploads['path'], $filename );

		// Save to disk.
		$saved = $image_editor->save( $uploads['path'] . "/$filename" );

		if ( is_wp_error( $saved ) ) {
			return $saved;
		}

		// Create new attachment post.
		$new_attachment_post = array(
			'post_mime_type' => $saved['mime-type'],
			'guid'           => $uploads['url'] . "/$filename",
			'post_title'     => $image_name,
			'post_content'   => '',
		);

		// Copy post_content, post_excerpt, and post_title from the edited image's attachment post.
		$attachment_post = get_post( $attachment_id );

		if ( $attachment_post ) {
			$new_attachment_post['post_content'] = $attachment_post->post_content;
			$new_attachment_post['post_excerpt'] = $attachment_post->post_excerpt;
			$new_attachment_post['post_title']   = $attachment_post->post_title;
		}

		$new_attachment_id = wp_insert_attachment( wp_slash( $new_attachment_post ), $saved['path'], 0, true );

		if ( is_wp_error( $new_attachment_id ) ) {
			if ( 'db_update_error' === $new_attachment_id->get_error_code() ) {
				$new_attachment_id->add_data( array( 'status' => 500 ) );
			} else {
				$new_attachment_id->add_data( array( 'status' => 400 ) );
			}

			return $new_attachment_id;
		}

		// Copy the image alt text from the edited image.
		$image_alt = get_post_meta( $attachment_id, '_wp_attachment_image_alt', true );

		if ( ! empty( $image_alt ) ) {
			// update_post_meta() expects slashed.
			update_post_meta( $new_attachment_id, '_wp_attachment_image_alt', wp_slash( $image_alt ) );
		}

		if ( wp_is_serving_rest_request() ) {
			/*
			 * Set a custom header with the attachment_id.
			 * Used by the browser/client to resume creating image sub-sizes after a PHP fatal error.
			 */
			header( 'X-WP-Upload-Attachment-ID: ' . $new_attachment_id );
		}

		// Generate image sub-sizes and meta.
		$new_image_meta = wp_generate_attachment_metadata( $new_attachment_id, $saved['path'] );

		// Copy the EXIF metadata from the original attachment if not generated for the edited image.
		if ( isset( $image_meta['image_meta'] ) && isset( $new_image_meta['image_meta'] ) && is_array( $new_image_meta['image_meta'] ) ) {
			// Merge but skip empty values.
			foreach ( (array) $image_meta['image_meta'] as $key => $value ) {
				if ( empty( $new_image_meta['image_meta'][ $key ] ) && ! empty( $value ) ) {
					$new_image_meta['image_meta'][ $key ] = $value;
				}
			}
		}

		// Reset orientation. At this point the image is edited and orientation is correct.
		if ( ! empty( $new_image_meta['image_meta']['orientation'] ) ) {
			$new_image_meta['image_meta']['orientation'] = 1;
		}

		// The attachment_id may change if the site is exported and imported.
		$new_image_meta['parent_image'] = array(
			'attachment_id' => $attachment_id,
			// Path to the originally uploaded image file relative to the uploads directory.
			'file'          => _wp_relative_upload_path( $image_file ),
		);

		/**
		 * Filters the meta data for the new image created by editing an existing image.
		 *
		 * @since 5.5.0
		 *
		 * @param array $new_image_meta    Meta data for the new image.
		 * @param int   $new_attachment_id Attachment post ID for the new image.
		 * @param int   $attachment_id     Attachment post ID for the edited (parent) image.
		 */
		$new_image_meta = apply_filters( 'wp_edited_image_metadata', $new_image_meta, $new_attachment_id, $attachment_id );

		wp_update_attachment_metadata( $new_attachment_id, $new_image_meta );

		$response = $this->prepare_item_for_response( get_post( $new_attachment_id ), $request );
		$response->set_status( 201 );
		$response->header( 'Location', rest_url( sprintf( '%s/%s/%s', $this->namespace, $this->rest_base, $new_attachment_id ) ) );

		return $response;
	}

	/**
	 * Prepares a single attachment for create or update.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Request object.
	 * @return stdClass|WP_Error Post object.
	 */
	protected function prepare_item_for_database( $request ) {
		$prepared_attachment = parent::prepare_item_for_database( $request );

		// Attachment caption (post_excerpt internally).
		if ( isset( $request['caption'] ) ) {
			if ( is_string( $request['caption'] ) ) {
				$prepared_attachment->post_excerpt = $request['caption'];
			} elseif ( isset( $request['caption']['raw'] ) ) {
				$prepared_attachment->post_excerpt = $request['caption']['raw'];
			}
		}

		// Attachment description (post_content internally).
		if ( isset( $request['description'] ) ) {
			if ( is_string( $request['description'] ) ) {
				$prepared_attachment->post_content = $request['description'];
			} elseif ( isset( $request['description']['raw'] ) ) {
				$prepared_attachment->post_content = $request['description']['raw'];
			}
		}

		if ( isset( $request['post'] ) ) {
			$prepared_attachment->post_parent = (int) $request['post'];
		}

		return $prepared_attachment;
	}

	/**
	 * Prepares a single attachment output for response.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 * @since 5.9.0 Renamed `$post` to `$item` to match parent class for PHP 8 named parameter support.
	 *
	 * @param WP_Post         $item    Attachment object.
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Request object.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response Response object.
	 */
	public function prepare_item_for_response( $item, $request ) {
		// Restores the more descriptive, specific name for use within this method.
		$post = $item;

		$response = parent::prepare_item_for_response( $post, $request );
		$fields   = $this->get_fields_for_response( $request );
		$data     = $response->get_data();

		if ( in_array( 'description', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['description'] = array(
				'raw'      => $post->post_content,
				/** This filter is documented in wp-includes/post-template.php */
				'rendered' => apply_filters( 'the_content', $post->post_content ),
			);
		}

		if ( in_array( 'caption', $fields, true ) ) {
			/** This filter is documented in wp-includes/post-template.php */
			$caption = apply_filters( 'get_the_excerpt', $post->post_excerpt, $post );

			/** This filter is documented in wp-includes/post-template.php */
			$caption = apply_filters( 'the_excerpt', $caption );

			$data['caption'] = array(
				'raw'      => $post->post_excerpt,
				'rendered' => $caption,
			);
		}

		if ( in_array( 'alt_text', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['alt_text'] = get_post_meta( $post->ID, '_wp_attachment_image_alt', true );
		}

		if ( in_array( 'media_type', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['media_type'] = wp_attachment_is_image( $post->ID ) ? 'image' : 'file';
		}

		if ( in_array( 'mime_type', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['mime_type'] = $post->post_mime_type;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'media_details', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['media_details'] = wp_get_attachment_metadata( $post->ID );

			// Ensure empty details is an empty object.
			if ( empty( $data['media_details'] ) ) {
				$data['media_details'] = new stdClass();
			} elseif ( ! empty( $data['media_details']['sizes'] ) ) {

				foreach ( $data['media_details']['sizes'] as $size => &$size_data ) {

					if ( isset( $size_data['mime-type'] ) ) {
						$size_data['mime_type'] = $size_data['mime-type'];
						unset( $size_data['mime-type'] );
					}

					// Use the same method image_downsize() does.
					$image_src = wp_get_attachment_image_src( $post->ID, $size );
					if ( ! $image_src ) {
						continue;
					}

					$size_data['source_url'] = $image_src[0];
				}

				$full_src = wp_get_attachment_image_src( $post->ID, 'full' );

				if ( ! empty( $full_src ) ) {
					$data['media_details']['sizes']['full'] = array(
						'file'       => wp_basename( $full_src[0] ),
						'width'      => $full_src[1],
						'height'     => $full_src[2],
						'mime_type'  => $post->post_mime_type,
						'source_url' => $full_src[0],
					);
				}
			} else {
				$data['media_details']['sizes'] = new stdClass();
			}
		}

		if ( in_array( 'post', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['post'] = ! empty( $post->post_parent ) ? (int) $post->post_parent : null;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'source_url', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['source_url'] = wp_get_attachment_url( $post->ID );
		}

		if ( in_array( 'missing_image_sizes', $fields, true ) ) {
			require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/image.php';
			$data['missing_image_sizes'] = array_keys( wp_get_missing_image_subsizes( $post->ID ) );
		}

		$context = ! empty( $request['context'] ) ? $request['context'] : 'view';

		$data = $this->filter_response_by_context( $data, $context );

		$links = $response->get_links();

		// Wrap the data in a response object.
		$response = rest_ensure_response( $data );

		foreach ( $links as $rel => $rel_links ) {
			foreach ( $rel_links as $link ) {
				$response->add_link( $rel, $link['href'], $link['attributes'] );
			}
		}

		/**
		 * Filters an attachment returned from the REST API.
		 *
		 * Allows modification of the attachment right before it is returned.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_REST_Response $response The response object.
		 * @param WP_Post          $post     The original attachment post.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request  $request  Request used to generate the response.
		 */
		return apply_filters( 'rest_prepare_attachment', $response, $post, $request );
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves the attachment's schema, conforming to JSON Schema.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @return array Item schema as an array.
	 */
	public function get_item_schema() {
		if ( $this->schema ) {
			return $this->add_additional_fields_schema( $this->schema );
		}

		$schema = parent::get_item_schema();

		$schema['properties']['alt_text'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Alternative text to display when attachment is not displayed.' ),
			'type'        => 'string',
			'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
			'arg_options' => array(
				'sanitize_callback' => 'sanitize_text_field',
			),
		);

		$schema['properties']['caption'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'The attachment caption.' ),
			'type'        => 'object',
			'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
			'arg_options' => array(
				'sanitize_callback' => null, // Note: sanitization implemented in self::prepare_item_for_database().
				'validate_callback' => null, // Note: validation implemented in self::prepare_item_for_database().
			),
			'properties'  => array(
				'raw'      => array(
					'description' => __( 'Caption for the attachment, as it exists in the database.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
				),
				'rendered' => array(
					'description' => __( 'HTML caption for the attachment, transformed for display.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
					'readonly'    => true,
				),
			),
		);

		$schema['properties']['description'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'The attachment description.' ),
			'type'        => 'object',
			'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit' ),
			'arg_options' => array(
				'sanitize_callback' => null, // Note: sanitization implemented in self::prepare_item_for_database().
				'validate_callback' => null, // Note: validation implemented in self::prepare_item_for_database().
			),
			'properties'  => array(
				'raw'      => array(
					'description' => __( 'Description for the attachment, as it exists in the database.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
				),
				'rendered' => array(
					'description' => __( 'HTML description for the attachment, transformed for display.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit' ),
					'readonly'    => true,
				),
			),
		);

		$schema['properties']['media_type'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Attachment type.' ),
			'type'        => 'string',
			'enum'        => array( 'image', 'file' ),
			'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
			'readonly'    => true,
		);

		$schema['properties']['mime_type'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'The attachment MIME type.' ),
			'type'        => 'string',
			'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
			'readonly'    => true,
		);

		$schema['properties']['media_details'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Details about the media file, specific to its type.' ),
			'type'        => 'object',
			'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
			'readonly'    => true,
		);

		$schema['properties']['post'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'The ID for the associated post of the attachment.' ),
			'type'        => 'integer',
			'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit' ),
		);

		$schema['properties']['source_url'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'URL to the original attachment file.' ),
			'type'        => 'string',
			'format'      => 'uri',
			'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ),
			'readonly'    => true,
		);

		$schema['properties']['missing_image_sizes'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'List of the missing image sizes of the attachment.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array( 'type' => 'string' ),
			'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
			'readonly'    => true,
		);

		unset( $schema['properties']['password'] );

		$this->schema = $schema;

		return $this->add_additional_fields_schema( $this->schema );
	}

	/**
	 * Handles an upload via raw POST data.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 * @since 6.6.0 Added the `$time` parameter.
	 *
	 * @param string      $data    Supplied file data.
	 * @param array       $headers HTTP headers from the request.
	 * @param string|null $time    Optional. Time formatted in 'yyyy/mm'. Default null.
	 * @return array|WP_Error Data from wp_handle_sideload().
	 */
	protected function upload_from_data( $data, $headers, $time = null ) {
		if ( empty( $data ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_upload_no_data',
				__( 'No data supplied.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		if ( empty( $headers['content_type'] ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_upload_no_content_type',
				__( 'No Content-Type supplied.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		if ( empty( $headers['content_disposition'] ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_upload_no_content_disposition',
				__( 'No Content-Disposition supplied.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		$filename = self::get_filename_from_disposition( $headers['content_disposition'] );

		if ( empty( $filename ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_upload_invalid_disposition',
				__( 'Invalid Content-Disposition supplied. Content-Disposition needs to be formatted as `attachment; filename="image.png"` or similar.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		if ( ! empty( $headers['content_md5'] ) ) {
			$content_md5 = array_shift( $headers['content_md5'] );
			$expected    = trim( $content_md5 );
			$actual      = md5( $data );

			if ( $expected !== $actual ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_upload_hash_mismatch',
					__( 'Content hash did not match expected.' ),
					array( 'status' => 412 )
				);
			}
		}

		// Get the content-type.
		$type = array_shift( $headers['content_type'] );

		// Include filesystem functions to get access to wp_tempnam() and wp_handle_sideload().
		require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/file.php';

		// Save the file.
		$tmpfname = wp_tempnam( $filename );

		$fp = fopen( $tmpfname, 'w+' );

		if ( ! $fp ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_upload_file_error',
				__( 'Could not open file handle.' ),
				array( 'status' => 500 )
			);
		}

		fwrite( $fp, $data );
		fclose( $fp );

		// Now, sideload it in.
		$file_data = array(
			'error'    => null,
			'tmp_name' => $tmpfname,
			'name'     => $filename,
			'type'     => $type,
		);

		$size_check = self::check_upload_size( $file_data );
		if ( is_wp_error( $size_check ) ) {
			return $size_check;
		}

		$overrides = array(
			'test_form' => false,
		);

		$sideloaded = wp_handle_sideload( $file_data, $overrides, $time );

		if ( isset( $sideloaded['error'] ) ) {
			@unlink( $tmpfname );

			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_upload_sideload_error',
				$sideloaded['error'],
				array( 'status' => 500 )
			);
		}

		return $sideloaded;
	}

	/**
	 * Parses filename from a Content-Disposition header value.
	 *
	 * As per RFC6266:
	 *
	 *     content-disposition = "Content-Disposition" ":"
	 *                            disposition-type *( ";" disposition-parm )
	 *
	 *     disposition-type    = "inline" | "attachment" | disp-ext-type
	 *                         ; case-insensitive
	 *     disp-ext-type       = token
	 *
	 *     disposition-parm    = filename-parm | disp-ext-parm
	 *
	 *     filename-parm       = "filename" "=" value
	 *                         | "filename*" "=" ext-value
	 *
	 *     disp-ext-parm       = token "=" value
	 *                         | ext-token "=" ext-value
	 *     ext-token           = <the characters in token, followed by "*">
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @link https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2388
	 * @link https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6266
	 *
	 * @param string[] $disposition_header List of Content-Disposition header values.
	 * @return string|null Filename if available, or null if not found.
	 */
	public static function get_filename_from_disposition( $disposition_header ) {
		// Get the filename.
		$filename = null;

		foreach ( $disposition_header as $value ) {
			$value = trim( $value );

			if ( ! str_contains( $value, ';' ) ) {
				continue;
			}

			list( $type, $attr_parts ) = explode( ';', $value, 2 );

			$attr_parts = explode( ';', $attr_parts );
			$attributes = array();

			foreach ( $attr_parts as $part ) {
				if ( ! str_contains( $part, '=' ) ) {
					continue;
				}

				list( $key, $value ) = explode( '=', $part, 2 );

				$attributes[ trim( $key ) ] = trim( $value );
			}

			if ( empty( $attributes['filename'] ) ) {
				continue;
			}

			$filename = trim( $attributes['filename'] );

			// Unquote quoted filename, but after trimming.
			if ( str_starts_with( $filename, '"' ) && str_ends_with( $filename, '"' ) ) {
				$filename = substr( $filename, 1, -1 );
			}
		}

		return $filename;
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves the query params for collections of attachments.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @return array Query parameters for the attachment collection as an array.
	 */
	public function get_collection_params() {
		$params                            = parent::get_collection_params();
		$params['status']['default']       = 'inherit';
		$params['status']['items']['enum'] = array( 'inherit', 'private', 'trash' );
		$media_types                       = $this->get_media_types();

		$params['media_type'] = array(
			'default'     => null,
			'description' => __( 'Limit result set to attachments of a particular media type.' ),
			'type'        => 'string',
			'enum'        => array_keys( $media_types ),
		);

		$params['mime_type'] = array(
			'default'     => null,
			'description' => __( 'Limit result set to attachments of a particular MIME type.' ),
			'type'        => 'string',
		);

		return $params;
	}

	/**
	 * Handles an upload via multipart/form-data ($_FILES).
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 * @since 6.6.0 Added the `$time` parameter.
	 *
	 * @param array       $files   Data from the `$_FILES` superglobal.
	 * @param array       $headers HTTP headers from the request.
	 * @param string|null $time    Optional. Time formatted in 'yyyy/mm'. Default null.
	 * @return array|WP_Error Data from wp_handle_upload().
	 */
	protected function upload_from_file( $files, $headers, $time = null ) {
		if ( empty( $files ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_upload_no_data',
				__( 'No data supplied.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		// Verify hash, if given.
		if ( ! empty( $headers['content_md5'] ) ) {
			$content_md5 = array_shift( $headers['content_md5'] );
			$expected    = trim( $content_md5 );
			$actual      = md5_file( $files['file']['tmp_name'] );

			if ( $expected !== $actual ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_upload_hash_mismatch',
					__( 'Content hash did not match expected.' ),
					array( 'status' => 412 )
				);
			}
		}

		// Pass off to WP to handle the actual upload.
		$overrides = array(
			'test_form' => false,
		);

		// Bypasses is_uploaded_file() when running unit tests.
		if ( defined( 'DIR_TESTDATA' ) && DIR_TESTDATA ) {
			$overrides['action'] = 'wp_handle_mock_upload';
		}

		$size_check = self::check_upload_size( $files['file'] );
		if ( is_wp_error( $size_check ) ) {
			return $size_check;
		}

		// Include filesystem functions to get access to wp_handle_upload().
		require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/file.php';

		$file = wp_handle_upload( $files['file'], $overrides, $time );

		if ( isset( $file['error'] ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_upload_unknown_error',
				$file['error'],
				array( 'status' => 500 )
			);
		}

		return $file;
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves the supported media types.
	 *
	 * Media types are considered the MIME type category.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @return array Array of supported media types.
	 */
	protected function get_media_types() {
		$media_types = array();

		foreach ( get_allowed_mime_types() as $mime_type ) {
			$parts = explode( '/', $mime_type );

			if ( ! isset( $media_types[ $parts[0] ] ) ) {
				$media_types[ $parts[0] ] = array();
			}

			$media_types[ $parts[0] ][] = $mime_type;
		}

		return $media_types;
	}

	/**
	 * Determine if uploaded file exceeds space quota on multisite.
	 *
	 * Replicates check_upload_size().
	 *
	 * @since 4.9.8
	 *
	 * @param array $file $_FILES array for a given file.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if can upload, error for errors.
	 */
	protected function check_upload_size( $file ) {
		if ( ! is_multisite() ) {
			return true;
		}

		if ( get_site_option( 'upload_space_check_disabled' ) ) {
			return true;
		}

		$space_left = get_upload_space_available();

		$file_size = filesize( $file['tmp_name'] );

		if ( $space_left < $file_size ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_upload_limited_space',
				/* translators: %s: Required disk space in kilobytes. */
				sprintf( __( 'Not enough space to upload. %s KB needed.' ), number_format( ( $file_size - $space_left ) / KB_IN_BYTES ) ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		if ( $file_size > ( KB_IN_BYTES * get_site_option( 'fileupload_maxk', 1500 ) ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_upload_file_too_big',
				/* translators: %s: Maximum allowed file size in kilobytes. */
				sprintf( __( 'This file is too big. Files must be less than %s KB in size.' ), get_site_option( 'fileupload_maxk', 1500 ) ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		// Include multisite admin functions to get access to upload_is_user_over_quota().
		require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/ms.php';

		if ( upload_is_user_over_quota( false ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_upload_user_quota_exceeded',
				__( 'You have used your space quota. Please delete files before uploading.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Gets the request args for the edit item route.
	 *
	 * @since 5.5.0
	 *
	 * @return array
	 */
	protected function get_edit_media_item_args() {
		return array(
			'src'       => array(
				'description' => __( 'URL to the edited image file.' ),
				'type'        => 'string',
				'format'      => 'uri',
				'required'    => true,
			),
			'modifiers' => array(
				'description' => __( 'Array of image edits.' ),
				'type'        => 'array',
				'minItems'    => 1,
				'items'       => array(
					'description' => __( 'Image edit.' ),
					'type'        => 'object',
					'required'    => array(
						'type',
						'args',
					),
					'oneOf'       => array(
						array(
							'title'      => __( 'Rotation' ),
							'properties' => array(
								'type' => array(
									'description' => __( 'Rotation type.' ),
									'type'        => 'string',
									'enum'        => array( 'rotate' ),
								),
								'args' => array(
									'description' => __( 'Rotation arguments.' ),
									'type'        => 'object',
									'required'    => array(
										'angle',
									),
									'properties'  => array(
										'angle' => array(
											'description' => __( 'Angle to rotate clockwise in degrees.' ),
											'type'        => 'number',
										),
									),
								),
							),
						),
						array(
							'title'      => __( 'Crop' ),
							'properties' => array(
								'type' => array(
									'description' => __( 'Crop type.' ),
									'type'        => 'string',
									'enum'        => array( 'crop' ),
								),
								'args' => array(
									'description' => __( 'Crop arguments.' ),
									'type'        => 'object',
									'required'    => array(
										'left',
										'top',
										'width',
										'height',
									),
									'properties'  => array(
										'left'   => array(
											'description' => __( 'Horizontal position from the left to begin the crop as a percentage of the image width.' ),
											'type'        => 'number',
										),
										'top'    => array(
											'description' => __( 'Vertical position from the top to begin the crop as a percentage of the image height.' ),
											'type'        => 'number',
										),
										'width'  => array(
											'description' => __( 'Width of the crop as a percentage of the image width.' ),
											'type'        => 'number',
										),
										'height' => array(
											'description' => __( 'Height of the crop as a percentage of the image height.' ),
											'type'        => 'number',
										),
									),
								),
							),
						),
					),
				),
			),
			'rotation'  => array(
				'description'      => __( 'The amount to rotate the image clockwise in degrees. DEPRECATED: Use `modifiers` instead.' ),
				'type'             => 'integer',
				'minimum'          => 0,
				'exclusiveMinimum' => true,
				'maximum'          => 360,
				'exclusiveMaximum' => true,
			),
			'x'         => array(
				'description' => __( 'As a percentage of the image, the x position to start the crop from. DEPRECATED: Use `modifiers` instead.' ),
				'type'        => 'number',
				'minimum'     => 0,
				'maximum'     => 100,
			),
			'y'         => array(
				'description' => __( 'As a percentage of the image, the y position to start the crop from. DEPRECATED: Use `modifiers` instead.' ),
				'type'        => 'number',
				'minimum'     => 0,
				'maximum'     => 100,
			),
			'width'     => array(
				'description' => __( 'As a percentage of the image, the width to crop the image to. DEPRECATED: Use `modifiers` instead.' ),
				'type'        => 'number',
				'minimum'     => 0,
				'maximum'     => 100,
			),
			'height'    => array(
				'description' => __( 'As a percentage of the image, the height to crop the image to. DEPRECATED: Use `modifiers` instead.' ),
				'type'        => 'number',
				'minimum'     => 0,
				'maximum'     => 100,
			),
		);
	}
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                                                    <h1 class="page-title">The Best Strategies for Winning at <a href="https://pupa-lupa.co.uk/">PupaLupa</a> Poker</h1>
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<article id="post-24225" class="blog-post post-box post-24225 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-blog">
    
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            <p>PupaLupa Casino offers a variety of poker games that can be enticing for both novice and seasoned players. However, to truly succeed at poker, it&#8217;s crucial to adopt effective strategies while being aware of the potential pitfalls associated with online gambling. This article will provide answers to common questions regarding winning strategies at PupaLupa Casino, as well as debunk some myths surrounding poker play.</p>
<h2>Question: What are the key strategies for winning at poker?</h2>
<p>To win consistently at poker, consider the following strategies:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Understand the Rules:</strong> Ensure you have a solid grasp of the specific poker variant you are playing, whether it&#8217;s Texas Hold&#8217;em, Omaha, or another format.</li>
<li><strong>Know Your Opponents:</strong> Pay attention to your opponents&#8217; playing styles. Are they aggressive or passive? This knowledge can inform your decisions during play.</li>
<li><strong>Manage Your Bankroll:</strong> Set strict limits on how much you are willing to wager and stick to them. A common guideline is to never gamble more than 5% of your total bankroll on a single session.</li>
<li><strong>Position is Key:</strong> The position you play in can greatly influence your strategy. Being last to act allows you to see how your opponents play before making a decision.</li>
<li><strong>Practice Patience:</strong> Good poker requires patience. Avoid the temptation to play every hand; instead, focus on playing strong hands and folding weaker ones.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Question: How do odds work in poker?</h2>
<p>Understanding odds is fundamental to poker strategy. In PupaLupa Casino, the odds can fluctuate based on the number of players, the cards dealt, and the betting structure. A basic calculation for pot odds is:</p>
<ul>
<li>Calculate the size of the pot.</li>
<li>Calculate the size of the bet you need to call.</li>
<li>Divide the size of the pot by the size of the bet to determine your pot odds.</li>
</ul>
<p>For example, if the pot is £100 and your opponent bets £50, your pot odds would be 2:1. If you think you have a better than 33% chance of winning, it may be worth calling the bet.</p>
<h2>Question: What is the importance of the Return to Player (RTP) percentage?</h2>
<p>The Return to Player (RTP) percentage indicates how much a game pays back to players over time. For poker, the RTP can vary by the type of game and strategy employed. Generally, the RTP for poker games at PupaLupa Casino can range from <strong>95%</strong> to <strong>99%</strong>. This means for every £100 wagered, players can expect to receive between £95 and £99 back in winnings over the long term. Understanding this can help you set realistic expectations.</p>
<h2>Common Myths about Winning at Poker</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>Myth 1:</strong> You need to be a math genius to win at poker.</li>
<li><strong>Myth 2:</strong> Poker is purely a game of luck.</li>
<li><strong>Myth 3:</strong> You can win by bluffing alone.</li>
<li><strong>Myth 4:</strong> The more you play, the better you become instantly.</li>
</ul>
<p>Each of these myths can lead to misconceptions about the game. While math plays a role, successful poker also hinges on psychology, strategy, and experience.</p>
<h2>Question: What should I be cautious of when playing at PupaLupa Casino?</h2>
<p>Transparency is critical when engaging in online gambling. Here are some potential pitfalls to be aware of:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Licensing:</strong> Ensure PupaLupa Casino is licensed by the UK Gambling Commission (UKGC). This guarantees a level of oversight and fairness.</li>
<li><strong>Wagering Requirements:</strong> Be cautious of promotions that come with hefty wagering requirements, often around <strong>35x</strong>. These can make it difficult to withdraw winnings.</li>
<li><strong>Gambling Addiction:</strong> Set limits on your playtime and spending to avoid falling into a cycle of chasing losses.</li>
</ul>
<h2>Question: How can I maximise my chances of winning?</h2>
<p>Maximising your chances involves a blend of strategy, discipline, and awareness. Here are some tips:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Stay Informed:</strong> Keep up-to-date with poker strategies and tips from reputable sources.</li>
<li><strong>Utilise Bonuses Wisely:</strong> Take advantage of welcome bonuses or loyalty rewards, but read the terms carefully to understand any conditions attached.</li>
<li><strong>Practice Regularly:</strong> Use free play options to practise your skills without financial risk.</li>
</ul>
<table>
<tr>
<th>Strategy</th>
<th>Description</th>
<th>Expected Impact</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bankroll Management</td>
<td>Limit your wagers to 5% of your total bankroll.</td>
<td>Reduced risk of significant losses.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Understanding Odds</td>
<td>Calculate pot odds to make informed calls.</td>
<td>Increased chances of making profitable decisions.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Position Play</td>
<td>Utilise your position to inform your strategy.</td>
<td>Gained insights into opponents&#8217; actions.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>By implementing these strategies and being aware of the associated risks, you can enhance your poker experience at PupaLupa Casino while playing responsibly. Remember, it&#8217;s not just about the cards you hold, but how you play them.</p>

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