/** * REST API: WP_REST_Attachments_Controller class * * @package WordPress * @subpackage REST_API * @since 4.7.0 */ /** * Core controller used to access attachments via the REST API. * * @since 4.7.0 * * @see WP_REST_Posts_Controller */ class WP_REST_Attachments_Controller extends WP_REST_Posts_Controller { /** * Whether the controller supports batching. * * @since 5.9.0 * @var false */ protected $allow_batch = false; /** * Registers the routes for attachments. * * @since 5.3.0 * * @see register_rest_route() */ public function register_routes() { parent::register_routes(); register_rest_route( $this->namespace, '/' . $this->rest_base . '/(?P[\d]+)/post-process', array( 'methods' => WP_REST_Server::CREATABLE, 'callback' => array( $this, 'post_process_item' ), 'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'post_process_item_permissions_check' ), 'args' => array( 'id' => array( 'description' => __( 'Unique identifier for the attachment.' ), 'type' => 'integer', ), 'action' => array( 'type' => 'string', 'enum' => array( 'create-image-subsizes' ), 'required' => true, ), ), ) ); register_rest_route( $this->namespace, '/' . $this->rest_base . '/(?P[\d]+)/edit', array( 'methods' => WP_REST_Server::CREATABLE, 'callback' => array( $this, 'edit_media_item' ), 'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'edit_media_item_permissions_check' ), 'args' => $this->get_edit_media_item_args(), ) ); } /** * Determines the allowed query_vars for a get_items() response and * prepares for WP_Query. * * @since 4.7.0 * * @param array $prepared_args Optional. Array of prepared arguments. Default empty array. * @param WP_REST_Request $request Optional. Request to prepare items for. * @return array Array of query arguments. */ protected function prepare_items_query( $prepared_args = array(), $request = null ) { $query_args = parent::prepare_items_query( $prepared_args, $request ); if ( empty( $query_args['post_status'] ) ) { $query_args['post_status'] = 'inherit'; } $media_types = $this->get_media_types(); if ( ! empty( $request['media_type'] ) && isset( $media_types[ $request['media_type'] ] ) ) { $query_args['post_mime_type'] = $media_types[ $request['media_type'] ]; } if ( ! empty( $request['mime_type'] ) ) { $parts = explode( '/', $request['mime_type'] ); if ( isset( $media_types[ $parts[0] ] ) && in_array( $request['mime_type'], $media_types[ $parts[0] ], true ) ) { $query_args['post_mime_type'] = $request['mime_type']; } } // Filter query clauses to include filenames. if ( isset( $query_args['s'] ) ) { add_filter( 'wp_allow_query_attachment_by_filename', '__return_true' ); } return $query_args; } /** * Checks if a given request has access to create an attachment. * * @since 4.7.0 * * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request. * @return true|WP_Error Boolean true if the attachment may be created, or a WP_Error if not. */ public function create_item_permissions_check( $request ) { $ret = parent::create_item_permissions_check( $request ); if ( ! $ret || is_wp_error( $ret ) ) { return $ret; } if ( ! current_user_can( 'upload_files' ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_cannot_create', __( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to upload media on this site.' ), array( 'status' => 400 ) ); } // Attaching media to a post requires ability to edit said post. if ( ! empty( $request['post'] ) && ! current_user_can( 'edit_post', (int) $request['post'] ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_cannot_edit', __( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to upload media to this post.' ), array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() ) ); } return true; } /** * Creates a single attachment. * * @since 4.7.0 * * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request. * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, WP_Error object on failure. */ public function create_item( $request ) { if ( ! empty( $request['post'] ) && in_array( get_post_type( $request['post'] ), array( 'revision', 'attachment' ), true ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_invalid_param', __( 'Invalid parent type.' ), array( 'status' => 400 ) ); } $insert = $this->insert_attachment( $request ); if ( is_wp_error( $insert ) ) { return $insert; } $schema = $this->get_item_schema(); // Extract by name. $attachment_id = $insert['attachment_id']; $file = $insert['file']; if ( isset( $request['alt_text'] ) ) { update_post_meta( $attachment_id, '_wp_attachment_image_alt', sanitize_text_field( $request['alt_text'] ) ); } if ( ! empty( $schema['properties']['featured_media'] ) && isset( $request['featured_media'] ) ) { $thumbnail_update = $this->handle_featured_media( $request['featured_media'], $attachment_id ); if ( is_wp_error( $thumbnail_update ) ) { return $thumbnail_update; } } if ( ! empty( $schema['properties']['meta'] ) && isset( $request['meta'] ) ) { $meta_update = $this->meta->update_value( $request['meta'], $attachment_id ); if ( is_wp_error( $meta_update ) ) { return $meta_update; } } $attachment = get_post( $attachment_id ); $fields_update = $this->update_additional_fields_for_object( $attachment, $request ); if ( is_wp_error( $fields_update ) ) { return $fields_update; } $terms_update = $this->handle_terms( $attachment_id, $request ); if ( is_wp_error( $terms_update ) ) { return $terms_update; } $request->set_param( 'context', 'edit' ); /** * Fires after a single attachment is completely created or updated via the REST API. * * @since 5.0.0 * * @param WP_Post $attachment Inserted or updated attachment object. * @param WP_REST_Request $request Request object. * @param bool $creating True when creating an attachment, false when updating. */ do_action( 'rest_after_insert_attachment', $attachment, $request, true ); wp_after_insert_post( $attachment, false, null ); if ( wp_is_serving_rest_request() ) { /* * Set a custom header with the attachment_id. * Used by the browser/client to resume creating image sub-sizes after a PHP fatal error. */ header( 'X-WP-Upload-Attachment-ID: ' . $attachment_id ); } // Include media and image functions to get access to wp_generate_attachment_metadata(). require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/media.php'; require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/image.php'; /* * Post-process the upload (create image sub-sizes, make PDF thumbnails, etc.) and insert attachment meta. * At this point the server may run out of resources and post-processing of uploaded images may fail. */ wp_update_attachment_metadata( $attachment_id, wp_generate_attachment_metadata( $attachment_id, $file ) ); $response = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $attachment, $request ); $response = rest_ensure_response( $response ); $response->set_status( 201 ); $response->header( 'Location', rest_url( sprintf( '%s/%s/%d', $this->namespace, $this->rest_base, $attachment_id ) ) ); return $response; } /** * Inserts the attachment post in the database. Does not update the attachment meta. * * @since 5.3.0 * * @param WP_REST_Request $request * @return array|WP_Error */ protected function insert_attachment( $request ) { // Get the file via $_FILES or raw data. $files = $request->get_file_params(); $headers = $request->get_headers(); $time = null; // Matches logic in media_handle_upload(). if ( ! empty( $request['post'] ) ) { $post = get_post( $request['post'] ); // The post date doesn't usually matter for pages, so don't backdate this upload. if ( $post && 'page' !== $post->post_type && substr( $post->post_date, 0, 4 ) > 0 ) { $time = $post->post_date; } } if ( ! empty( $files ) ) { $file = $this->upload_from_file( $files, $headers, $time ); } else { $file = $this->upload_from_data( $request->get_body(), $headers, $time ); } if ( is_wp_error( $file ) ) { return $file; } $name = wp_basename( $file['file'] ); $name_parts = pathinfo( $name ); $name = trim( substr( $name, 0, -( 1 + strlen( $name_parts['extension'] ) ) ) ); $url = $file['url']; $type = $file['type']; $file = $file['file']; // Include image functions to get access to wp_read_image_metadata(). require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/image.php'; // Use image exif/iptc data for title and caption defaults if possible. $image_meta = wp_read_image_metadata( $file ); if ( ! empty( $image_meta ) ) { if ( empty( $request['title'] ) && trim( $image_meta['title'] ) && ! is_numeric( sanitize_title( $image_meta['title'] ) ) ) { $request['title'] = $image_meta['title']; } if ( empty( $request['caption'] ) && trim( $image_meta['caption'] ) ) { $request['caption'] = $image_meta['caption']; } } $attachment = $this->prepare_item_for_database( $request ); $attachment->post_mime_type = $type; $attachment->guid = $url; // If the title was not set, use the original filename. if ( empty( $attachment->post_title ) && ! empty( $files['file']['name'] ) ) { // Remove the file extension (after the last `.`) $tmp_title = substr( $files['file']['name'], 0, strrpos( $files['file']['name'], '.' ) ); if ( ! empty( $tmp_title ) ) { $attachment->post_title = $tmp_title; } } // Fall back to the original approach. if ( empty( $attachment->post_title ) ) { $attachment->post_title = preg_replace( '/\.[^.]+$/', '', wp_basename( $file ) ); } // $post_parent is inherited from $attachment['post_parent']. $id = wp_insert_attachment( wp_slash( (array) $attachment ), $file, 0, true, false ); if ( is_wp_error( $id ) ) { if ( 'db_update_error' === $id->get_error_code() ) { $id->add_data( array( 'status' => 500 ) ); } else { $id->add_data( array( 'status' => 400 ) ); } return $id; } $attachment = get_post( $id ); /** * Fires after a single attachment is created or updated via the REST API. * * @since 4.7.0 * * @param WP_Post $attachment Inserted or updated attachment * object. * @param WP_REST_Request $request The request sent to the API. * @param bool $creating True when creating an attachment, false when updating. */ do_action( 'rest_insert_attachment', $attachment, $request, true ); return array( 'attachment_id' => $id, 'file' => $file, ); } /** * Determines the featured media based on a request param. * * @since 6.5.0 * * @param int $featured_media Featured Media ID. * @param int $post_id Post ID. * @return bool|WP_Error Whether the post thumbnail was successfully deleted, otherwise WP_Error. */ protected function handle_featured_media( $featured_media, $post_id ) { $post_type = get_post_type( $post_id ); $thumbnail_support = current_theme_supports( 'post-thumbnails', $post_type ) && post_type_supports( $post_type, 'thumbnail' ); // Similar check as in wp_insert_post(). if ( ! $thumbnail_support && get_post_mime_type( $post_id ) ) { if ( wp_attachment_is( 'audio', $post_id ) ) { $thumbnail_support = post_type_supports( 'attachment:audio', 'thumbnail' ) || current_theme_supports( 'post-thumbnails', 'attachment:audio' ); } elseif ( wp_attachment_is( 'video', $post_id ) ) { $thumbnail_support = post_type_supports( 'attachment:video', 'thumbnail' ) || current_theme_supports( 'post-thumbnails', 'attachment:video' ); } } if ( $thumbnail_support ) { return parent::handle_featured_media( $featured_media, $post_id ); } return new WP_Error( 'rest_no_featured_media', sprintf( /* translators: %s: attachment mime type */ __( 'This site does not support post thumbnails on attachments with MIME type %s.' ), get_post_mime_type( $post_id ) ), array( 'status' => 400 ) ); } /** * Updates a single attachment. * * @since 4.7.0 * * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request. * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, WP_Error object on failure. */ public function update_item( $request ) { if ( ! empty( $request['post'] ) && in_array( get_post_type( $request['post'] ), array( 'revision', 'attachment' ), true ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_invalid_param', __( 'Invalid parent type.' ), array( 'status' => 400 ) ); } $attachment_before = get_post( $request['id'] ); $response = parent::update_item( $request ); if ( is_wp_error( $response ) ) { return $response; } $response = rest_ensure_response( $response ); $data = $response->get_data(); if ( isset( $request['alt_text'] ) ) { update_post_meta( $data['id'], '_wp_attachment_image_alt', $request['alt_text'] ); } $attachment = get_post( $request['id'] ); if ( ! empty( $schema['properties']['featured_media'] ) && isset( $request['featured_media'] ) ) { $thumbnail_update = $this->handle_featured_media( $request['featured_media'], $attachment->ID ); if ( is_wp_error( $thumbnail_update ) ) { return $thumbnail_update; } } $fields_update = $this->update_additional_fields_for_object( $attachment, $request ); if ( is_wp_error( $fields_update ) ) { return $fields_update; } $request->set_param( 'context', 'edit' ); /** This action is documented in wp-includes/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-attachments-controller.php */ do_action( 'rest_after_insert_attachment', $attachment, $request, false ); wp_after_insert_post( $attachment, true, $attachment_before ); $response = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $attachment, $request ); $response = rest_ensure_response( $response ); return $response; } /** * Performs post processing on an attachment. * * @since 5.3.0 * * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request. * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, WP_Error object on failure. */ public function post_process_item( $request ) { switch ( $request['action'] ) { case 'create-image-subsizes': require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/image.php'; wp_update_image_subsizes( $request['id'] ); break; } $request['context'] = 'edit'; return $this->prepare_item_for_response( get_post( $request['id'] ), $request ); } /** * Checks if a given request can perform post processing on an attachment. * * @since 5.3.0 * * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request. * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has access to update the item, WP_Error object otherwise. */ public function post_process_item_permissions_check( $request ) { return $this->update_item_permissions_check( $request ); } /** * Checks if a given request has access to editing media. * * @since 5.5.0 * * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request. * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has read access, WP_Error object otherwise. */ public function edit_media_item_permissions_check( $request ) { if ( ! current_user_can( 'upload_files' ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_cannot_edit_image', __( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to upload media on this site.' ), array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() ) ); } return $this->update_item_permissions_check( $request ); } /** * Applies edits to a media item and creates a new attachment record. * * @since 5.5.0 * * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request. * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, WP_Error object on failure. */ public function edit_media_item( $request ) { require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/image.php'; $attachment_id = $request['id']; // This also confirms the attachment is an image. $image_file = wp_get_original_image_path( $attachment_id ); $image_meta = wp_get_attachment_metadata( $attachment_id ); if ( ! $image_meta || ! $image_file || ! wp_image_file_matches_image_meta( $request['src'], $image_meta, $attachment_id ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_unknown_attachment', __( 'Unable to get meta information for file.' ), array( 'status' => 404 ) ); } $supported_types = array( 'image/jpeg', 'image/png', 'image/gif', 'image/webp', 'image/avif' ); $mime_type = get_post_mime_type( $attachment_id ); if ( ! in_array( $mime_type, $supported_types, true ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_cannot_edit_file_type', __( 'This type of file cannot be edited.' ), array( 'status' => 400 ) ); } // The `modifiers` param takes precedence over the older format. if ( isset( $request['modifiers'] ) ) { $modifiers = $request['modifiers']; } else { $modifiers = array(); if ( ! empty( $request['rotation'] ) ) { $modifiers[] = array( 'type' => 'rotate', 'args' => array( 'angle' => $request['rotation'], ), ); } if ( isset( $request['x'], $request['y'], $request['width'], $request['height'] ) ) { $modifiers[] = array( 'type' => 'crop', 'args' => array( 'left' => $request['x'], 'top' => $request['y'], 'width' => $request['width'], 'height' => $request['height'], ), ); } if ( 0 === count( $modifiers ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_image_not_edited', __( 'The image was not edited. Edit the image before applying the changes.' ), array( 'status' => 400 ) ); } } /* * If the file doesn't exist, attempt a URL fopen on the src link. * This can occur with certain file replication plugins. * Keep the original file path to get a modified name later. */ $image_file_to_edit = $image_file; if ( ! file_exists( $image_file_to_edit ) ) { $image_file_to_edit = _load_image_to_edit_path( $attachment_id ); } $image_editor = wp_get_image_editor( $image_file_to_edit ); if ( is_wp_error( $image_editor ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_unknown_image_file_type', __( 'Unable to edit this image.' ), array( 'status' => 500 ) ); } foreach ( $modifiers as $modifier ) { $args = $modifier['args']; switch ( $modifier['type'] ) { case 'rotate': // Rotation direction: clockwise vs. counter clockwise. $rotate = 0 - $args['angle']; if ( 0 !== $rotate ) { $result = $image_editor->rotate( $rotate ); if ( is_wp_error( $result ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_image_rotation_failed', __( 'Unable to rotate this image.' ), array( 'status' => 500 ) ); } } break; case 'crop': $size = $image_editor->get_size(); $crop_x = (int) round( ( $size['width'] * $args['left'] ) / 100.0 ); $crop_y = (int) round( ( $size['height'] * $args['top'] ) / 100.0 ); $width = (int) round( ( $size['width'] * $args['width'] ) / 100.0 ); $height = (int) round( ( $size['height'] * $args['height'] ) / 100.0 ); if ( $size['width'] !== $width || $size['height'] !== $height ) { $result = $image_editor->crop( $crop_x, $crop_y, $width, $height ); if ( is_wp_error( $result ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_image_crop_failed', __( 'Unable to crop this image.' ), array( 'status' => 500 ) ); } } break; } } // Calculate the file name. $image_ext = pathinfo( $image_file, PATHINFO_EXTENSION ); $image_name = wp_basename( $image_file, ".{$image_ext}" ); /* * Do not append multiple `-edited` to the file name. * The user may be editing a previously edited image. */ if ( preg_match( '/-edited(-\d+)?$/', $image_name ) ) { // Remove any `-1`, `-2`, etc. `wp_unique_filename()` will add the proper number. $image_name = preg_replace( '/-edited(-\d+)?$/', '-edited', $image_name ); } else { // Append `-edited` before the extension. $image_name .= '-edited'; } $filename = "{$image_name}.{$image_ext}"; // Create the uploads sub-directory if needed. $uploads = wp_upload_dir(); // Make the file name unique in the (new) upload directory. $filename = wp_unique_filename( $uploads['path'], $filename ); // Save to disk. $saved = $image_editor->save( $uploads['path'] . "/$filename" ); if ( is_wp_error( $saved ) ) { return $saved; } // Create new attachment post. $new_attachment_post = array( 'post_mime_type' => $saved['mime-type'], 'guid' => $uploads['url'] . "/$filename", 'post_title' => $image_name, 'post_content' => '', ); // Copy post_content, post_excerpt, and post_title from the edited image's attachment post. $attachment_post = get_post( $attachment_id ); if ( $attachment_post ) { $new_attachment_post['post_content'] = $attachment_post->post_content; $new_attachment_post['post_excerpt'] = $attachment_post->post_excerpt; $new_attachment_post['post_title'] = $attachment_post->post_title; } $new_attachment_id = wp_insert_attachment( wp_slash( $new_attachment_post ), $saved['path'], 0, true ); if ( is_wp_error( $new_attachment_id ) ) { if ( 'db_update_error' === $new_attachment_id->get_error_code() ) { $new_attachment_id->add_data( array( 'status' => 500 ) ); } else { $new_attachment_id->add_data( array( 'status' => 400 ) ); } return $new_attachment_id; } // Copy the image alt text from the edited image. $image_alt = get_post_meta( $attachment_id, '_wp_attachment_image_alt', true ); if ( ! empty( $image_alt ) ) { // update_post_meta() expects slashed. update_post_meta( $new_attachment_id, '_wp_attachment_image_alt', wp_slash( $image_alt ) ); } if ( wp_is_serving_rest_request() ) { /* * Set a custom header with the attachment_id. * Used by the browser/client to resume creating image sub-sizes after a PHP fatal error. */ header( 'X-WP-Upload-Attachment-ID: ' . $new_attachment_id ); } // Generate image sub-sizes and meta. $new_image_meta = wp_generate_attachment_metadata( $new_attachment_id, $saved['path'] ); // Copy the EXIF metadata from the original attachment if not generated for the edited image. if ( isset( $image_meta['image_meta'] ) && isset( $new_image_meta['image_meta'] ) && is_array( $new_image_meta['image_meta'] ) ) { // Merge but skip empty values. foreach ( (array) $image_meta['image_meta'] as $key => $value ) { if ( empty( $new_image_meta['image_meta'][ $key ] ) && ! empty( $value ) ) { $new_image_meta['image_meta'][ $key ] = $value; } } } // Reset orientation. At this point the image is edited and orientation is correct. if ( ! empty( $new_image_meta['image_meta']['orientation'] ) ) { $new_image_meta['image_meta']['orientation'] = 1; } // The attachment_id may change if the site is exported and imported. $new_image_meta['parent_image'] = array( 'attachment_id' => $attachment_id, // Path to the originally uploaded image file relative to the uploads directory. 'file' => _wp_relative_upload_path( $image_file ), ); /** * Filters the meta data for the new image created by editing an existing image. * * @since 5.5.0 * * @param array $new_image_meta Meta data for the new image. * @param int $new_attachment_id Attachment post ID for the new image. * @param int $attachment_id Attachment post ID for the edited (parent) image. */ $new_image_meta = apply_filters( 'wp_edited_image_metadata', $new_image_meta, $new_attachment_id, $attachment_id ); wp_update_attachment_metadata( $new_attachment_id, $new_image_meta ); $response = $this->prepare_item_for_response( get_post( $new_attachment_id ), $request ); $response->set_status( 201 ); $response->header( 'Location', rest_url( sprintf( '%s/%s/%s', $this->namespace, $this->rest_base, $new_attachment_id ) ) ); return $response; } /** * Prepares a single attachment for create or update. * * @since 4.7.0 * * @param WP_REST_Request $request Request object. * @return stdClass|WP_Error Post object. */ protected function prepare_item_for_database( $request ) { $prepared_attachment = parent::prepare_item_for_database( $request ); // Attachment caption (post_excerpt internally). if ( isset( $request['caption'] ) ) { if ( is_string( $request['caption'] ) ) { $prepared_attachment->post_excerpt = $request['caption']; } elseif ( isset( $request['caption']['raw'] ) ) { $prepared_attachment->post_excerpt = $request['caption']['raw']; } } // Attachment description (post_content internally). if ( isset( $request['description'] ) ) { if ( is_string( $request['description'] ) ) { $prepared_attachment->post_content = $request['description']; } elseif ( isset( $request['description']['raw'] ) ) { $prepared_attachment->post_content = $request['description']['raw']; } } if ( isset( $request['post'] ) ) { $prepared_attachment->post_parent = (int) $request['post']; } return $prepared_attachment; } /** * Prepares a single attachment output for response. * * @since 4.7.0 * @since 5.9.0 Renamed `$post` to `$item` to match parent class for PHP 8 named parameter support. * * @param WP_Post $item Attachment object. * @param WP_REST_Request $request Request object. * @return WP_REST_Response Response object. */ public function prepare_item_for_response( $item, $request ) { // Restores the more descriptive, specific name for use within this method. $post = $item; $response = parent::prepare_item_for_response( $post, $request ); $fields = $this->get_fields_for_response( $request ); $data = $response->get_data(); if ( in_array( 'description', $fields, true ) ) { $data['description'] = array( 'raw' => $post->post_content, /** This filter is documented in wp-includes/post-template.php */ 'rendered' => apply_filters( 'the_content', $post->post_content ), ); } if ( in_array( 'caption', $fields, true ) ) { /** This filter is documented in wp-includes/post-template.php */ $caption = apply_filters( 'get_the_excerpt', $post->post_excerpt, $post ); /** This filter is documented in wp-includes/post-template.php */ $caption = apply_filters( 'the_excerpt', $caption ); $data['caption'] = array( 'raw' => $post->post_excerpt, 'rendered' => $caption, ); } if ( in_array( 'alt_text', $fields, true ) ) { $data['alt_text'] = get_post_meta( $post->ID, '_wp_attachment_image_alt', true ); } if ( in_array( 'media_type', $fields, true ) ) { $data['media_type'] = wp_attachment_is_image( $post->ID ) ? 'image' : 'file'; } if ( in_array( 'mime_type', $fields, true ) ) { $data['mime_type'] = $post->post_mime_type; } if ( in_array( 'media_details', $fields, true ) ) { $data['media_details'] = wp_get_attachment_metadata( $post->ID ); // Ensure empty details is an empty object. if ( empty( $data['media_details'] ) ) { $data['media_details'] = new stdClass(); } elseif ( ! empty( $data['media_details']['sizes'] ) ) { foreach ( $data['media_details']['sizes'] as $size => &$size_data ) { if ( isset( $size_data['mime-type'] ) ) { $size_data['mime_type'] = $size_data['mime-type']; unset( $size_data['mime-type'] ); } // Use the same method image_downsize() does. $image_src = wp_get_attachment_image_src( $post->ID, $size ); if ( ! $image_src ) { continue; } $size_data['source_url'] = $image_src[0]; } $full_src = wp_get_attachment_image_src( $post->ID, 'full' ); if ( ! empty( $full_src ) ) { $data['media_details']['sizes']['full'] = array( 'file' => wp_basename( $full_src[0] ), 'width' => $full_src[1], 'height' => $full_src[2], 'mime_type' => $post->post_mime_type, 'source_url' => $full_src[0], ); } } else { $data['media_details']['sizes'] = new stdClass(); } } if ( in_array( 'post', $fields, true ) ) { $data['post'] = ! empty( $post->post_parent ) ? (int) $post->post_parent : null; } if ( in_array( 'source_url', $fields, true ) ) { $data['source_url'] = wp_get_attachment_url( $post->ID ); } if ( in_array( 'missing_image_sizes', $fields, true ) ) { require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/image.php'; $data['missing_image_sizes'] = array_keys( wp_get_missing_image_subsizes( $post->ID ) ); } $context = ! empty( $request['context'] ) ? $request['context'] : 'view'; $data = $this->filter_response_by_context( $data, $context ); $links = $response->get_links(); // Wrap the data in a response object. $response = rest_ensure_response( $data ); foreach ( $links as $rel => $rel_links ) { foreach ( $rel_links as $link ) { $response->add_link( $rel, $link['href'], $link['attributes'] ); } } /** * Filters an attachment returned from the REST API. * * Allows modification of the attachment right before it is returned. * * @since 4.7.0 * * @param WP_REST_Response $response The response object. * @param WP_Post $post The original attachment post. * @param WP_REST_Request $request Request used to generate the response. */ return apply_filters( 'rest_prepare_attachment', $response, $post, $request ); } /** * Retrieves the attachment's schema, conforming to JSON Schema. * * @since 4.7.0 * * @return array Item schema as an array. */ public function get_item_schema() { if ( $this->schema ) { return $this->add_additional_fields_schema( $this->schema ); } $schema = parent::get_item_schema(); $schema['properties']['alt_text'] = array( 'description' => __( 'Alternative text to display when attachment is not displayed.' ), 'type' => 'string', 'context' => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ), 'arg_options' => array( 'sanitize_callback' => 'sanitize_text_field', ), ); $schema['properties']['caption'] = array( 'description' => __( 'The attachment caption.' ), 'type' => 'object', 'context' => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ), 'arg_options' => array( 'sanitize_callback' => null, // Note: sanitization implemented in self::prepare_item_for_database(). 'validate_callback' => null, // Note: validation implemented in self::prepare_item_for_database(). ), 'properties' => array( 'raw' => array( 'description' => __( 'Caption for the attachment, as it exists in the database.' ), 'type' => 'string', 'context' => array( 'edit' ), ), 'rendered' => array( 'description' => __( 'HTML caption for the attachment, transformed for display.' ), 'type' => 'string', 'context' => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ), 'readonly' => true, ), ), ); $schema['properties']['description'] = array( 'description' => __( 'The attachment description.' ), 'type' => 'object', 'context' => array( 'view', 'edit' ), 'arg_options' => array( 'sanitize_callback' => null, // Note: sanitization implemented in self::prepare_item_for_database(). 'validate_callback' => null, // Note: validation implemented in self::prepare_item_for_database(). ), 'properties' => array( 'raw' => array( 'description' => __( 'Description for the attachment, as it exists in the database.' ), 'type' => 'string', 'context' => array( 'edit' ), ), 'rendered' => array( 'description' => __( 'HTML description for the attachment, transformed for display.' ), 'type' => 'string', 'context' => array( 'view', 'edit' ), 'readonly' => true, ), ), ); $schema['properties']['media_type'] = array( 'description' => __( 'Attachment type.' ), 'type' => 'string', 'enum' => array( 'image', 'file' ), 'context' => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ), 'readonly' => true, ); $schema['properties']['mime_type'] = array( 'description' => __( 'The attachment MIME type.' ), 'type' => 'string', 'context' => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ), 'readonly' => true, ); $schema['properties']['media_details'] = array( 'description' => __( 'Details about the media file, specific to its type.' ), 'type' => 'object', 'context' => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ), 'readonly' => true, ); $schema['properties']['post'] = array( 'description' => __( 'The ID for the associated post of the attachment.' ), 'type' => 'integer', 'context' => array( 'view', 'edit' ), ); $schema['properties']['source_url'] = array( 'description' => __( 'URL to the original attachment file.' ), 'type' => 'string', 'format' => 'uri', 'context' => array( 'view', 'edit', 'embed' ), 'readonly' => true, ); $schema['properties']['missing_image_sizes'] = array( 'description' => __( 'List of the missing image sizes of the attachment.' ), 'type' => 'array', 'items' => array( 'type' => 'string' ), 'context' => array( 'edit' ), 'readonly' => true, ); unset( $schema['properties']['password'] ); $this->schema = $schema; return $this->add_additional_fields_schema( $this->schema ); } /** * Handles an upload via raw POST data. * * @since 4.7.0 * @since 6.6.0 Added the `$time` parameter. * * @param string $data Supplied file data. * @param array $headers HTTP headers from the request. * @param string|null $time Optional. Time formatted in 'yyyy/mm'. Default null. * @return array|WP_Error Data from wp_handle_sideload(). */ protected function upload_from_data( $data, $headers, $time = null ) { if ( empty( $data ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_upload_no_data', __( 'No data supplied.' ), array( 'status' => 400 ) ); } if ( empty( $headers['content_type'] ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_upload_no_content_type', __( 'No Content-Type supplied.' ), array( 'status' => 400 ) ); } if ( empty( $headers['content_disposition'] ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_upload_no_content_disposition', __( 'No Content-Disposition supplied.' ), array( 'status' => 400 ) ); } $filename = self::get_filename_from_disposition( $headers['content_disposition'] ); if ( empty( $filename ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_upload_invalid_disposition', __( 'Invalid Content-Disposition supplied. Content-Disposition needs to be formatted as `attachment; filename="image.png"` or similar.' ), array( 'status' => 400 ) ); } if ( ! empty( $headers['content_md5'] ) ) { $content_md5 = array_shift( $headers['content_md5'] ); $expected = trim( $content_md5 ); $actual = md5( $data ); if ( $expected !== $actual ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_upload_hash_mismatch', __( 'Content hash did not match expected.' ), array( 'status' => 412 ) ); } } // Get the content-type. $type = array_shift( $headers['content_type'] ); // Include filesystem functions to get access to wp_tempnam() and wp_handle_sideload(). require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/file.php'; // Save the file. $tmpfname = wp_tempnam( $filename ); $fp = fopen( $tmpfname, 'w+' ); if ( ! $fp ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_upload_file_error', __( 'Could not open file handle.' ), array( 'status' => 500 ) ); } fwrite( $fp, $data ); fclose( $fp ); // Now, sideload it in. $file_data = array( 'error' => null, 'tmp_name' => $tmpfname, 'name' => $filename, 'type' => $type, ); $size_check = self::check_upload_size( $file_data ); if ( is_wp_error( $size_check ) ) { return $size_check; } $overrides = array( 'test_form' => false, ); $sideloaded = wp_handle_sideload( $file_data, $overrides, $time ); if ( isset( $sideloaded['error'] ) ) { @unlink( $tmpfname ); return new WP_Error( 'rest_upload_sideload_error', $sideloaded['error'], array( 'status' => 500 ) ); } return $sideloaded; } /** * Parses filename from a Content-Disposition header value. * * As per RFC6266: * * content-disposition = "Content-Disposition" ":" * disposition-type *( ";" disposition-parm ) * * disposition-type = "inline" | "attachment" | disp-ext-type * ; case-insensitive * disp-ext-type = token * * disposition-parm = filename-parm | disp-ext-parm * * filename-parm = "filename" "=" value * | "filename*" "=" ext-value * * disp-ext-parm = token "=" value * | ext-token "=" ext-value * ext-token = * * @since 4.7.0 * * @link https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2388 * @link https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6266 * * @param string[] $disposition_header List of Content-Disposition header values. * @return string|null Filename if available, or null if not found. */ public static function get_filename_from_disposition( $disposition_header ) { // Get the filename. $filename = null; foreach ( $disposition_header as $value ) { $value = trim( $value ); if ( ! str_contains( $value, ';' ) ) { continue; } list( $type, $attr_parts ) = explode( ';', $value, 2 ); $attr_parts = explode( ';', $attr_parts ); $attributes = array(); foreach ( $attr_parts as $part ) { if ( ! str_contains( $part, '=' ) ) { continue; } list( $key, $value ) = explode( '=', $part, 2 ); $attributes[ trim( $key ) ] = trim( $value ); } if ( empty( $attributes['filename'] ) ) { continue; } $filename = trim( $attributes['filename'] ); // Unquote quoted filename, but after trimming. if ( str_starts_with( $filename, '"' ) && str_ends_with( $filename, '"' ) ) { $filename = substr( $filename, 1, -1 ); } } return $filename; } /** * Retrieves the query params for collections of attachments. * * @since 4.7.0 * * @return array Query parameters for the attachment collection as an array. */ public function get_collection_params() { $params = parent::get_collection_params(); $params['status']['default'] = 'inherit'; $params['status']['items']['enum'] = array( 'inherit', 'private', 'trash' ); $media_types = $this->get_media_types(); $params['media_type'] = array( 'default' => null, 'description' => __( 'Limit result set to attachments of a particular media type.' ), 'type' => 'string', 'enum' => array_keys( $media_types ), ); $params['mime_type'] = array( 'default' => null, 'description' => __( 'Limit result set to attachments of a particular MIME type.' ), 'type' => 'string', ); return $params; } /** * Handles an upload via multipart/form-data ($_FILES). * * @since 4.7.0 * @since 6.6.0 Added the `$time` parameter. * * @param array $files Data from the `$_FILES` superglobal. * @param array $headers HTTP headers from the request. * @param string|null $time Optional. Time formatted in 'yyyy/mm'. Default null. * @return array|WP_Error Data from wp_handle_upload(). */ protected function upload_from_file( $files, $headers, $time = null ) { if ( empty( $files ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_upload_no_data', __( 'No data supplied.' ), array( 'status' => 400 ) ); } // Verify hash, if given. if ( ! empty( $headers['content_md5'] ) ) { $content_md5 = array_shift( $headers['content_md5'] ); $expected = trim( $content_md5 ); $actual = md5_file( $files['file']['tmp_name'] ); if ( $expected !== $actual ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_upload_hash_mismatch', __( 'Content hash did not match expected.' ), array( 'status' => 412 ) ); } } // Pass off to WP to handle the actual upload. $overrides = array( 'test_form' => false, ); // Bypasses is_uploaded_file() when running unit tests. if ( defined( 'DIR_TESTDATA' ) && DIR_TESTDATA ) { $overrides['action'] = 'wp_handle_mock_upload'; } $size_check = self::check_upload_size( $files['file'] ); if ( is_wp_error( $size_check ) ) { return $size_check; } // Include filesystem functions to get access to wp_handle_upload(). require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/file.php'; $file = wp_handle_upload( $files['file'], $overrides, $time ); if ( isset( $file['error'] ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_upload_unknown_error', $file['error'], array( 'status' => 500 ) ); } return $file; } /** * Retrieves the supported media types. * * Media types are considered the MIME type category. * * @since 4.7.0 * * @return array Array of supported media types. */ protected function get_media_types() { $media_types = array(); foreach ( get_allowed_mime_types() as $mime_type ) { $parts = explode( '/', $mime_type ); if ( ! isset( $media_types[ $parts[0] ] ) ) { $media_types[ $parts[0] ] = array(); } $media_types[ $parts[0] ][] = $mime_type; } return $media_types; } /** * Determine if uploaded file exceeds space quota on multisite. * * Replicates check_upload_size(). * * @since 4.9.8 * * @param array $file $_FILES array for a given file. * @return true|WP_Error True if can upload, error for errors. */ protected function check_upload_size( $file ) { if ( ! is_multisite() ) { return true; } if ( get_site_option( 'upload_space_check_disabled' ) ) { return true; } $space_left = get_upload_space_available(); $file_size = filesize( $file['tmp_name'] ); if ( $space_left < $file_size ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_upload_limited_space', /* translators: %s: Required disk space in kilobytes. */ sprintf( __( 'Not enough space to upload. %s KB needed.' ), number_format( ( $file_size - $space_left ) / KB_IN_BYTES ) ), array( 'status' => 400 ) ); } if ( $file_size > ( KB_IN_BYTES * get_site_option( 'fileupload_maxk', 1500 ) ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_upload_file_too_big', /* translators: %s: Maximum allowed file size in kilobytes. */ sprintf( __( 'This file is too big. Files must be less than %s KB in size.' ), get_site_option( 'fileupload_maxk', 1500 ) ), array( 'status' => 400 ) ); } // Include multisite admin functions to get access to upload_is_user_over_quota(). require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/ms.php'; if ( upload_is_user_over_quota( false ) ) { return new WP_Error( 'rest_upload_user_quota_exceeded', __( 'You have used your space quota. Please delete files before uploading.' ), array( 'status' => 400 ) ); } return true; } /** * Gets the request args for the edit item route. * * @since 5.5.0 * * @return array */ protected function get_edit_media_item_args() { return array( 'src' => array( 'description' => __( 'URL to the edited image file.' ), 'type' => 'string', 'format' => 'uri', 'required' => true, ), 'modifiers' => array( 'description' => __( 'Array of image edits.' ), 'type' => 'array', 'minItems' => 1, 'items' => array( 'description' => __( 'Image edit.' ), 'type' => 'object', 'required' => array( 'type', 'args', ), 'oneOf' => array( array( 'title' => __( 'Rotation' ), 'properties' => array( 'type' => array( 'description' => __( 'Rotation type.' ), 'type' => 'string', 'enum' => array( 'rotate' ), ), 'args' => array( 'description' => __( 'Rotation arguments.' ), 'type' => 'object', 'required' => array( 'angle', ), 'properties' => array( 'angle' => array( 'description' => __( 'Angle to rotate clockwise in degrees.' ), 'type' => 'number', ), ), ), ), ), array( 'title' => __( 'Crop' ), 'properties' => array( 'type' => array( 'description' => __( 'Crop type.' ), 'type' => 'string', 'enum' => array( 'crop' ), ), 'args' => array( 'description' => __( 'Crop arguments.' ), 'type' => 'object', 'required' => array( 'left', 'top', 'width', 'height', ), 'properties' => array( 'left' => array( 'description' => __( 'Horizontal position from the left to begin the crop as a percentage of the image width.' ), 'type' => 'number', ), 'top' => array( 'description' => __( 'Vertical position from the top to begin the crop as a percentage of the image height.' ), 'type' => 'number', ), 'width' => array( 'description' => __( 'Width of the crop as a percentage of the image width.' ), 'type' => 'number', ), 'height' => array( 'description' => __( 'Height of the crop as a percentage of the image height.' ), 'type' => 'number', ), ), ), ), ), ), ), ), 'rotation' => array( 'description' => __( 'The amount to rotate the image clockwise in degrees. DEPRECATED: Use `modifiers` instead.' ), 'type' => 'integer', 'minimum' => 0, 'exclusiveMinimum' => true, 'maximum' => 360, 'exclusiveMaximum' => true, ), 'x' => array( 'description' => __( 'As a percentage of the image, the x position to start the crop from. DEPRECATED: Use `modifiers` instead.' ), 'type' => 'number', 'minimum' => 0, 'maximum' => 100, ), 'y' => array( 'description' => __( 'As a percentage of the image, the y position to start the crop from. DEPRECATED: Use `modifiers` instead.' ), 'type' => 'number', 'minimum' => 0, 'maximum' => 100, ), 'width' => array( 'description' => __( 'As a percentage of the image, the width to crop the image to. DEPRECATED: Use `modifiers` instead.' ), 'type' => 'number', 'minimum' => 0, 'maximum' => 100, ), 'height' => array( 'description' => __( 'As a percentage of the image, the height to crop the image to. DEPRECATED: Use `modifiers` instead.' ), 'type' => 'number', 'minimum' => 0, 'maximum' => 100, ), ); } } Court Online slots 2026: A real income Web sites, Programs & dino reels 81 bonus game Where to Enjoy – Sanathan Dharm Veda

This informative guide features the best a real income slots in the August 2026, shows you how to locate video game on the high Come back to User (RTP), and explains the top local casino websites playing harbors to have real cash. Legal United states casinos on the internet render several (sometimes plenty) from a real income harbors. All the details you want from the to experience 100 percent free and you can a real income slots for the apple’s ios, as well as the list of an informed iphone gambling enterprises. To play at the a licensed site ensures fair consequences and you can safe deals.

  • I try video game for the several gadgets to ensure that there are zero glitches or slowdown.
  • On the introduction of the newest mobile casinos, the newest gaming landscaping provides growing, giving numerous cellular gambling establishment bonuses featuring you to definitely are the fresh and you may imaginative.
  • Window cellular gambling enterprises are less frequent because of the software are discontinued within the 2020.
  • Ahead of 2026, you could potentially deduct 100% of the betting losses right up tothe quantity of the earnings.

Among the better gaming sites also offer live broker roulette games streamed of dining tables on the gambling enterprise floors from the significant destination resort. Price is essential when to try out on the internet, and also the amount of time it takes to collect their profits is essential. Players’ banking institutions nevertheless cut off a life threatening percentage of credit and you may debit cards deposits with their relationship with playing.

That it isn't an ensured boundary, nevertheless's a bona-fide observance of eighteen months away from example logging. My restriction disadvantage is largely zero; my personal upside try any We acquired within the training. Along with an arduous 50% stop-losses (if i'm off $100 away from a $2 hundred start, We avoid), it code eliminates the kind of training the place you strike because of your entire finances within the twenty minutes chasing after losings.

Offered Percentage Tips | dino reels 81 bonus game

Large volatility slots offer large however, less frequent earnings, leading them to right for players which take advantage of the excitement out of huge victories and will manage prolonged lifeless means. One of several benefits associated with to experience classic harbors is the highest commission proportions, making them a greatest option for participants looking for repeated wins. It doesn’t matter your preference, there’s a slot online game available to choose from one’s perfect for your, and real money ports on the internet. This type of online game provide entertaining templates and you will highest RTP proportions, making them advanced choices for people who should enjoy real currency ports. Right here, we’ll mention the choices for watching genuine online casino gambling, the fresh legal position folks online casinos, and you may and this mobile gambling enterprises can be worth your time. If your’lso are a casual player otherwise chasing a large win, today’s real cash harbors have provides, themes, and you may payouts you to competitor one thing in the a vegas casino.

dino reels 81 bonus game

If it’s high, it’ll be an extended if you are before you could profit a victory — even when if it happens they&# dino reels 81 bonus game x2019;s probably be highest. When it’s maybe not indeed there, it’s perhaps not subscribed. If you’lso are wondering simple tips to win a real income at the slots, the clear answer is that it’s a matter of luck.

BetMGM charges no detachment costs and all payouts try handled safely and you may reliably. The newest BetMGM casino added bonus password TODAY1000 will get new users a great 100% deposit match bonus value to $step 1,100000, along with a good $25 no-put casino extra. It’s got a good user experience, load times try quick and they are earnings, this is why BetMGM is considered among the large payout online casinos in the united states. Caesars Palace, FanDuel, bet365, Enthusiasts and you can DraftKings likewise have convenient now offers. With an increase of and more people turning to mobile casino websites inside 2026, we offer loads of a advertisements.

On android and ios, this type of programs have cellular harbors away from leading company, in-app campaigns such 100 percent free spins, and a great deal far more. You might take your pick of several otherwise thousands of video game to the a high real cash slots software in the us. They’re simple, simple to follow, that assist you probably know how that which you works rather than a lot of challenging incentive has. We’ve split an important mobile position types, out of simple classics in order to modern Megaways and you can Team Will pay, you know very well what can be expected ahead of rotating.

dino reels 81 bonus game

Previous victories or losses do not have affect upcoming revolves, and there’s no pattern which is often predict otherwise exploited. Greatest RTP picks are Wheel from Luck Megaways during the 96.46% and you will Controls away from Luck Ruby Riches at the 96.15%, both of that are well worth beginning with. Recent arrivals value considering tend to be Divine Luck Silver and you can Rakin’ Bacon Triple Oink Soda Fountain Fortunes, a couple of healthier the new additions for the jackpot slots section.

Mobile players can take advantage of the same benefits because the people that play on desktop computer, and that boasts incentives. When you play online slots games to your a cellular, you may enjoy the same deposit choices as you might assume out of a pc website. Having a real income cellular harbors, you'll are able to winnings a real income honors, sometimes in daily life-altering amounts! When you gamble at any web site, whether or not one be on a pc or a mobile device, it pays as in control.

A knowledgeable Mobile Casinos on the internet by Group

  • Legal betting web sites encourage in control gambling by education staff (such support service agents) on the symptoms of gaming problems and how to address him or her.
  • Low-volatility harbors have a tendency to create reduced wins more often than large-volatility games.
  • Just an instant tap of the monitor and you can a swift cartoon, plus the online game is over!
  • These advertisements functions similarly to welcome bonuses but always have a smaller sized commission match on the being qualified places.
  • While you are these can be great for a few brief classes for the mobile, specialty online game aren’t noted for the reduced home border.
  • Ducky Fortune, JacksPay, Fortunate Creek, Insane Gambling enterprise, Ignition Gambling establishment, and you can Bovada the deal with All of us players, process prompt crypto withdrawals, and have many years of reported earnings in it.

You could see your amounts during your mobile device, plus the overall performance tend to instantaneously show up on your own compact screen, dependent on RNG software. Such as, you could potentially play for a summer progressive jackpot pool or delight in a great Bingo Blast wintertime example. Out of video poker so you can mobile harbors, gaming software and you may cellular gambling enterprises offer a similarly fascinating sense. As a result, i have based a long list of checkboxes to have reviewing cellular casinos, which means you discover you’re merely obtaining the better when signing around a demanded mobile web sites.

dino reels 81 bonus game

Whether or not gambling establishment programs to possess Android os and you will iphone 3gs are easier, you’ll should be a little while tech-savvy to discover the best you are able to sense. You’ll found a percentage of your net loss of actual-money gambling enterprise apps through the years. It usually comes with a percentage-founded suits, free spins, otherwise one another. These types of campaigns give you a lot more fund, totally free revolves, and you may a bigger bankroll to try out game which have. Blackjack is recognized for the reduced home line, and it remains a lover favourite during the better United states local casino software and you will trusted cellular gambling enterprises. If you’re a slot machines fan, a leading roller searching for victories, otherwise an experienced cards player, it can be done all on the hand of the give.

Reduced microsoft windows are no barrier because of designs such as NetEnt’s Reach platform meaning that slots including Jimi Hendrix conform to match your mobile or pill display screen In addition to an extensive kind of titles, you also make the most of large microsoft windows to try out the like Da Vinci Diamonds because of the IGT. As a result, every slot for all of us participants will likely be played of desktop. This type of video game try more difficult to locate, but if you can also be see Reel Rush by the NetEnt, including, you’ll learn the delight of 3,125 a method to winnings whenever playing ports on the web. Such Top away from Egypt by IGT are superb examples of the excitement additional insurance firms more step one,100000 prospective a method to grab a victory. Progressing away from paylines, 243 ways to winnings create whatever they say to your packing.

The best Mobile Casinos by the Classification

Cashback efficiency a share of online position loss more an appartment period, have a tendency to daily or a week. Always confirm if or not winnings is actually capped, and you may whether wagering pertains to the newest converted bonus borrowing from the bank. The best variants are not any-choice spins, where profits transfer straight to a real income (sometimes capped).